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Figure 1 | Genome Biology

Figure 1

From: Evolution of insect proteomes: insights into synapse organization and synaptic vesicle life cycle

Figure 1

Multiple sequence alignments using for VAMP and synaptotagmin. The multiple alignment sequence (MSA) is performed using ClustalW. A graded blue color indicates the level of conservation among the representative sequences. Horizontal line in the protein accessions separates insect (top) and vertebrate (bottom) sequences. (a) Vehicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP; 11 sequences). The transmembrane domain is marked by a red frame. Proline rich domain in the amino-terminal of mammalian VAMP-2 is framed in gray and was implicated in synaptophysin regulation. Red arrows denote the identified tetanus toxin (X) and botulinum toxin (B, D, F, G) cleavage sites. The star indicates an essential biogenesis targeting signal. Stripped box indicates the calcium-calmodulin binding domain in mammalian VAMPs. A conserved low complexity region that is shared among all insects is enriched with stretches of Ala, Gly and Pro, and is marked by a green frame. Proteins (top to bottom): similar to CG17248 (iso A), honeybee; CG17248 (iso A), beetle; similar to VAMP, mosquito, CG17248 (iso A), honeybee; CG17248 (iso D), fruit fly; CG17248 (iso B), fruit fly; CG17248 (iso A), fruit fly; N-Syb, fruit fly, VAMP-2, human; VAMP-2, opossum; VAMP-1, human. (b) Synaptotagmin (nine sequences). Calcium sensor for neurotransmitter release that is characterized by two C2 domains (marked in green frames) and an amino-terminal transmembrane domain (marked in an orange frame). Several interaction binding sites were located on synaptotagmin: tubulin (red stripped frame); calcium channels through syntaxin (gray stripped frame); and targeting signal to neurons that overlaps with the neurexin binding (blue stripped frame). Proteins (top to bottom): synaptotagmin, moth; CG3139 (iso A), beetle; synaptotagmin, mosquito; CG3139 (iso A), honeybee; CG3139 (iso C), fruit fly; CG3139 (iso A), fruit fly; CG3139 (iso A), fly obscura; synaptotagmin 1, human; synaptotagmin 1, opossum.

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