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Figure 4 | Genome Biology

Figure 4

From: The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)

Figure 4

Functions of insect PGRP proteins. In response to peptidoglycan (PGN) from bacteria or other stimulants (yellow), insect PGRPs activate the (a) Toll and (b) Imd pathways and (c) the prophenol-oxidase cascade, which results in the production of antimicrobial products. (d) The structure of DAP-type peptidoglycan, indicating the positions at which proinflammatory peptidoglycan can be hydrolyzed by some PGRPs, reducing inflammation. Drosophila PGRPs are shown (green) unless otherwise indicated (Bm, Bombyx mori; Hd, Holotrichia diomphalia; Tm, Tenebrio molitor). Multiple arrows signify multiple steps; question marks signify unconfirmed or controversial functions. PGN, peptidoglycan; m-DAP, meso-DAP. See text for more details of the pathways shown.

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