Table 1 Expression and function of semaphorins
From: The semaphorins
Semaphorin | Species | Expression (with representative references) | Functions (with representative references) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sema-1a | Insects and worms | Epidermis [1], neurons [1,6,13,50] | Cell migration [110], digestion/defecation [110], fecundity [110], morphogenesis [110], neural connectivity [1,13] |
Sema-1b | Insects and worms | Glia [55], oocytes [55] | Cell migration [110], morphogenesis [110], neural connectivity [110] |
Sema-2a | Insects and worms | Epidermis [6], epithelium [6], gonads [6], muscles [6], neurons [6] | Cell migration [111], morphogenesis [111], neural connectivity [112] |
Sema-2b | Insects | Unknown | Unknown |
Sema3A | Vertebrates | Adipose tissue [56,57], bone [58], cartilage [58], cancer cells [59], connective tissue [60], endothelial cells [61], epithelium [62], glia [25], gut [62], heart [2,58], kidney [63], limb [58], lung [2], meningeal cells [64], muscle [2,57], neurons [2,58], pituitary [62], placenta [65], scar tissue [66], teeth [67], umbilical cord [65], uterus [65] | Bone formation [113], cancer-cell chemotaxis [114], cartilage formation [113], cell death [115], cell adhesion and aggregation [61,116], cell migration and patterning [117-119], cell proliferation [120], cytoskeletal organization [2], heart formation [113], lung formation [121], neural connectivity [2,113,122], vasculogenesis [61,123] |
Sema3B | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [68], endothelial cells [61], glia [69], mammary gland [70], muscle [60], neurons [60], teeth [71] | Cell death [124], cytoskeletal organization [125], neural connectivity [126], tumor suppression [124] |
Sema3C | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [59], connective tissue [60], endothelial cells [71], fibroblasts [53], glia [72], lung [60,73], macrophages [53], mammary gland [70], neurons [60], skeleton [60], teeth [71] | Cardiovascular development [127], cell survival [128], cytoskeletal organization [9], heart formation [127], lung formation [73], neural connectivity [9,128] |
Sema3D | Vertebrates | Bone [74], cartilage [75], endothelial cells [61], epidermis [74], fibroblasts [76], glia [72], heart [77], meninges [74], muscle [74], neurons [74] | Neural connectivity [75] |
Sema3E | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [78], ear [79], endothelial cells [61], lung [78], nervous tissue [25,74,80], skeleton [78], teeth [71] | Cell growth [33], cell migration [33], cytoskeletal organization [80], neural connectivity [80,129], tumor metastasis [33], vascular patterning [130] |
Sema3F | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [81], dermis [82], ependyma [82], epithelium [82], eye [82], gonads [81], gut [81], heart [81], kidney [81], lung [81,82], muscle [81], neurons [82], pancreas [81], prostate [81], skin [82], spleen [81], submandibular gland [82], teeth [67], thymus [81], thyroid gland [82] | Angiogenesis [131], cell attachment [132], cell migration [133,134], cell proliferation [133], cytoskeletal organization [14,135], lung formation [73], neural connectivity [82,136], tumor metastasis [137], tumor suppression [138], synaptic transmission [20] |
Sema3G | Vertebrates | Heart [83], kidney [83], lung [83], meninges [83], neurons [83], placenta [83] | Cell migration [134], neural connectivity [83] |
Sema4A | Vertebrates | Epithelial cells [19], glia [25], immune cells [84,85], mammary gland [70], neurons [60], teeth [71] | Cell survival [19], cytoskeletal organization [139], lymphocyte activation and immune responses [84,85], neural connectivity [139], retina and visual system [19] |
Sema4B | Vertebrates | Glia [25], immune cells [86], neurons [60,87], teeth [71] | Unknown |
Sema4C | Vertebrates | Bone [76], ear [88], glia [25], immune cells [86], kidney [88], lung [88], muscle [89], neurons [88,90], regenerating muscle [89], teeth [88], pituitary [88] | Myogenesis [89] |
Sema4D | Vertebrates | Glia [24], gonads [91], gut [91], immune cells [86,91], kidney [91], heart [91], lung [91], lymph node [91], mammary gland [70], muscle [91], neurons [92], placenta [91], prostate [91], spleen [91], teeth [71], thymus [91] | Angiogenesis [140,141], cell aggregation and adhesion [91,142], cell death [143], cell differentiation [91], cell migration [35,140,141], cell proliferation [144], cell survival [91,145], cytoskeletal organization [143,146], invasive/cancerous growth [147], immune responses [91,144], neural connectivity [24,145,146] |
Sema4E | Zebrafish | Epithelium [93], nervous system [93] | Neural connectivity [148] |
Sema4F | Vertebrates | Glia [72], immune cells [86], lung [94], mammary gland [70], neurons [94,95], teeth [71] | Cytoskeletal organization [94], neural connectivity [94] |
Sema4G | Vertebrates | Ear [96], epithelium [96], glia [72], gut [96], hair follicles [96], kidney [96], liver [96], neurons [96], pituitary [96], teeth [71] | Unknown |
Sema5A | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [97], glia [25], heart [98], kidney [98], liver [98], lung [98], muscle [98], neurons [98], spleen [98], teeth [71] | Cell morphology [149], cytoskeletal organization [11], neural connectivity [11,16,25], vasculature patterning [150] |
Sema5B | Vertebrates | Bone [76], cancer cells [97], glia [25], neurons [98], teeth [71] | Unknown |
Sema5c | Insects | Cardiac cells [55], epidermis [97,99], gut [99], muscle [55,99], oocytes [55] | Tumor metastasis [97], tumor suppression [97] |
Sema6A | Vertebrates | Cancer cells [100], bone [101], glia [25], gut [40], immune cells [86], kidney [40], lung [101], muscle [101], neurons [101], meninges [101], teeth [71] | Angiogenesis [100], cell migration [100], cytoskeletal organization [40], neural connectivity [40,49,151] |
Sema6B | Vertebrates | Bone [76], cancer cells [102], glia [72], heart [39], liver [39], lung [39], muscle [39], nervous tissue [39,103], teeth [71] | Neural connectivity [151] |
Sema6C | Vertebrates | Bone [76], dermis [104], glia [72], heart [105], kidney [105], liver [105], muscle [104], neurons [104], placenta [105], teeth [71] | Cytoskeletal organization [104,105], neural connectivity [104,105] |
Sema6D | Vertebrates | Gut [105], heart [105], kidney [105], liver [105], lung [105], muscle [105], neurons [105], placenta [105], uterus [106] | Cell migration [48], cytoskeletal organization [105], heart formation [48,152], morphogenesis [152], neural connectivity [105] |
Sema7A | Vertebrates | Adrenal gland [107], bone [108], cancer cells [109], erythrocytes [109], fibroblasts [76], glia [72], gonads [107], gut [107], heart [107], kidney [107], lung [107], lymph nodes [107], immune cells [109], muscle [107], neurons [107], placenta [107], spleen [107], teeth [71], thymus [107] | Cell fusion [108], cell migration [108,153], immune responses [153], stimulating cytokine production [153], neural connectivity [154] |
SemaVA | DNA viruses | Not applicable | Cell adhesion [31], cell migration [31], cell retraction [31], cytoskeletal organization [31], immunomodulation [155], proinflammatory responses [155], inducing cytokine production [156], regulating phagocytosis [157] |
SemaVB | DNA viruses | Not applicable | Cell aggregation [156] |