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Table 1 Activated metabolic pathways during adipocyte differentiation and their key enzymes (rate limiting steps)

From: Molecular processes during fat cell development revealed by gene expression profiling and functional annotation

Pathway

Enzyme/Protein name

Accession number

Number

Cluster

Urea cycle and arginine-citrulline cycles

Arginine succinate synthase

NP_031520

128

1/10

Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1

XP_127550

446

7

 

Myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase A1

NP_076116

156

8

Cholesterol biosynthesis/keto-body synthesis

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1

NP_666054

178

4

 

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

XP_127496

619

12

Triglyceride hydrolysis (fatty acid assimilation)

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

NP_032535

14

6

β-Oxidation

Acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acad)

NP_780533

61

6

 

Acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase, medium chain (Acadm)

NP_031408

153

6/9

 

Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acad)

Mm.6635

510

6

 

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain (Acadsb)

NP_080102

220

9

Triglyceride metabolism

Adipose triglyceride lipase (Pnpla2/Atgl)

NP_080078

157

6

CoA biosynthesis

Pantothenate kinase 3

NP_666074

140

6

Anaplerotic processes

Pyruvate carboxylase

NP_032823

149

6

Branched chain amino acid metabolism (AKA metabolism)

Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1, α polypeptide

NP_031559

193

3/9

Methylation

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

NP_057870

66

8

 

Methionine adenosyltransferase II, α

NP_663544

350

2

Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1

NP_033153

305

6

Nucleotide metabolism

Xanthine dehydrogenase

NP_035853

361

2

Taurin biosynthesis

Cysteine dioxygenase

NP_149026

271

7

NH4 + metabolism/glutamate

Glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthase)

NP_032157

318

7

Glycolysis

Pyruvate kinase 3

NP_035229

247

8

Substrate cycle (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)

Fructose bisphosphatase 2

NP_032020

175

9

Nucleotide biosynthesis

Deoxycytidine kinase

NP_031858

363

8

 

Ribonucleotide reductase M2

NP_033130

448

8

Pentose phophate shunt

Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (AI785303)

XP_181411

533

9

NAD(P) biosynthesis

Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor

NP_067499

327

9

Polyamine biosynthesis

Ornithine decarboxylase, structural

NP_038642

212

10

Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis

GTP cyclohydrolase 1

NP_032128

259

10

Purin biosynthesis

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase

NP_742158

287

11

Asparagine biosynthesis

Asparagine synthetase

NP_036185

109

12

Long chain fatty acids

ELOVL family member 6, elongation of long chain fatty acids

NP_569717

162

12

Serine biosynthesis

Phosphoserine phosphatase

NP_598661

261

12

Gluconeogenesis

PEPCK 2 (Riken 9130022B02)

NP_083270

393

12

Prostaglandin E biosynthesis

Prostaglandin E synthase (ri|2410099E23; ri|9230102G02)

ri|2410099E23

ri|9230102G02

539

540

9

  1. CoA, coenzyme A.