From: The Smads
Protein removed | Viability | Phenotype | References |
---|---|---|---|
Smad2 | Embryonic lethal | Defects in mesoderm induction, anterior-posterior and left-right patterning, extra-embryonic tissues and endoderm formation (before E8.5) | [33-37] |
Smad3 | Viable | Variable phenotypes including defects in T-cell and splenocyte responsiveness; metastatic colon cancer, accelerated wound healing, and degenerative joint disease | [38,39,40,41,42] |
Smad4 | Embryonic lethal (E6.5-8.5) | Defects in gastrulation and anterior development, epiblast proliferation and egg cylinder formation. Heterozygotes have intestinal tumors | [43,44,45,46] |
Smad5 | Embryonic lethal (E9.5-11.5) | Defects in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, left-right axis determination, and primordial germ cell development | [47,48, 49,50] |
Smad6 | Viable | Multiple cardiovascular abnormalities: defects in cardiac valves and outflow tract septation; aortic ossification, and elevated blood pressure | [51] |