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Table 2 Phenotypes of Smad-deficient mice

From: The Smads

Protein removed

Viability

Phenotype

References

Smad2

Embryonic lethal

Defects in mesoderm induction, anterior-posterior and left-right patterning, extra-embryonic tissues and endoderm formation (before E8.5)

[33-37]

Smad3

Viable

Variable phenotypes including defects in T-cell and splenocyte responsiveness; metastatic colon cancer, accelerated wound healing, and degenerative joint disease

[38,39,40,41,42]

Smad4

Embryonic lethal (E6.5-8.5)

Defects in gastrulation and anterior development, epiblast proliferation and egg cylinder formation. Heterozygotes have intestinal tumors

[43,44,45,46]

Smad5

Embryonic lethal (E9.5-11.5)

Defects in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, left-right axis determination, and primordial germ cell development

[47,48, 49,50]

Smad6

Viable

Multiple cardiovascular abnormalities: defects in cardiac valves and outflow tract septation; aortic ossification, and elevated blood pressure

[51]