Fig. 3
Variation of FtGULO controls disease resistance during Tartary buckwheat domestication. A-B Selective sweeps identified through comparisons between HW and SL (A) and HW and NL (B) using XP-CLR (cross-population composite likelihood-ratio test). The dashed line represents the top 5% of values therefore scores in these regions were regarded as selective sweeps. C Local Manhattan plot of GWAS signals on Chr 8 for resistance to R. solani AG4-HGI 3. The dashed line represents the threshold (-log10P = 5). D Schematic diagram of FtGULO gene structure. Two SNPs in the promoter of FtGULO were marked as red letters and result in haplotypes (Hap) A and T. E Box plots show disease index in plants carrying the two haplotypes (Hap). nHap-A = 8, nHap-T = 234. P values were calculated using a two-tailed t-tests. F Expression of FtGULO in accessions harboring the two haplotypes. Error bars indicate the ± s.d., n = 6. Significance was tested using one-way ANOVA. G Transcription activity of FtGULO promoters with two haplotypes. H Disease index of accessions among HW, NL and SL groups. nHW = 10, nNL = 96, nSL = 140. Significant was tested using two-tailed t-tests. *, P < 0.05. I Frequencies of the two haplotypes in the HW, NL and SL groups. J Subcellular localization of FtGULO-GFP fusion protein transient expression in N. benthamiana leave cells. Scale bars, 10 µm. (K-L) Relative expression levels of FtGULO during R. solani infection (K) and MeJA treatment (L). Histone H3 was used as the internal reference. M Disease index of Arabidopsis lines heterologously expressing FtGULO. Significant differences were identified using one-way ANOVA. n = 6. N Phenotypes of Arabidopsis WT lines and lines heterologously expressing FtGULO with and without infection with R. solani AG4-HGI 3. Scale bars, 1 cm