Fig. 5

The gut microbial signatures of CKD patients are similar to those of ESRD patients. a Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis distances of gut microbial profiles of the Shanghai individuals. Samples are plotted based on the first and second principal coordinates (PC1 and PC2), with the ratio of variance contributed by these two PCs displayed. Ellipsoids represent a 95% confidence interval surrounding each group. b Total relative abundances of ESRD-enriched and HC-enriched species in the gut microbiota of all groups. Boxes represent the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles and the median (internal line). Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the range of the first and third quartiles, respectively; dots represent outlier samples beyond the whiskers. Student’s t-test: *q < 0.05; **q < 0.01; ***q < 0.001. c Random forest models for distinguishing CKD3/4 and CKD5N patients from healthy controls based on the gut species profile of ESRD patients. This analysis was performed on the Shanghai cohort, where 70% of control (randomly selected) and all ESRD samples were used as the training set, and the remaining 30% of control and all CKD3/4 and CKD5N samples were used as the testing set. The classification performance of the model was assessed by the AUC. The AUC values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are shown. AUC, the area under the ROC curve