Fig. 2

Functional profiles differ between ESRD patients and healthy controls. a, b Volcano plots displaying the fold change vs. q-values for all KEGG modules in the Shanghai (a) and Beijing (b) cohorts. The X-axis shows the ratio (log2 transformed) of module abundance in ESRD patients compared with that in healthy controls. The Y-axis shows the q-value (-log10 transformed) of a module, and the two dotted lines indicate q-value < 0.05 (upper) and < 0.2 (lower). The ESRD-associated modules with a consistent trend in the two cohorts are shown in red (ESRD enriched) and blue (control enriched) circles. c Heatmap showing the abundance of several representative functions in ESRD patients and healthy controls. Each row represents a KEGG ortholog with the scaled relative abundance among all individuals and each column represents an individual, ordered by hierarchical clustering. The results of four ESRD-enriched representative categories of enzymes are shown. d Bar plot showing the q-values (log10 transformed) of ESRD-associated modules. Red, ESRD-enriched modules; blue, HC-enriched modules