Fig. 1

Study design and implementation. A Lymphoblastoid cells provided by a family, consisting of a father (F7, yellow), mother (M8, red), and a pair of twin daughters (D5 and D6, apple green and azure), were used to prepare the proteome reference materials (i.e., the Quartet) in both protein and peptide forms. The aliquots were sent to 15 laboratories, and proteomics analyses by data-dependent acquisition (DDA) were carried out using Orbitrap- and TOF-based systems. All LC–MS/MS files were aggregated at Fudan University for analysis. B A total of 816 MS files were used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of the proteome. Furthermore, reference protein sets with confidence intervals were determined. C Application scenarios of the reference materials