Fig. 4

Global genetic structure of H. pylori genomes. a Geographic distribution of 3068 H. pylori strains across 39 countries with color indicating the number of strains from each country. b Strain population structure of H. pylori strains reconstructed from their Maast SNP genotypes. Stacked color rings indicate the host species (inner), continent (middle), and human host disease status (outer). c–f Comparison of genetic distances between pairs of strains from c same versus different continent, d same versus different host species within the same continents, e human versus other host species, and f control vs diseased human hosts. In e, genetic distances are calculated between pairs of strains from the same continent where one is from a human host and the other is from the indicated host species (left) or between pairs of strains from human hosts from different continents (blue box at right). The H. pylori strains that infected Rhesus monkeys were inoculated [19] and thus excluded