Order/ | Tolerance characteristics | Developmental complexity | Mechanisms of tolerance |
---|---|---|---|
Liverworts/ | Rapid desiccation tolerated; | Anatomically primitive | Cell integrity maintained during drying |
hornworts/ | Some protection mechanisms | No vasculature | Rehydration leads to damage |
mosses | focus on repair mechanisms | Â | Rapid recovery |
 | photosynthetic-apparatus maintained |  | Presence of non-reducing sugars, dehydrins and |
 |  |  |    rehydrins appear |
 |  |  | Pre-stress existence of mRNA in RNPs |
Selaginellales, | Slower desiccation required; | Vascular tissues develop | Â |
Isoetales, | photosynthetic-apparatus maintained | Â | Scarcity of data |
Lycopodiales | Â | Epidermis appears | Â |
Equisetum/ | Slow desiccation required | Increasing anatomical and | Scarcity of data |
Ferns |  |    developmental complexity |  |
 |  | Epidermis appears |  |
Gymnosperms | No vegetative desiccation | Beginning seed desiccation | Scarcity of data |
 |    tolerance |    tolerance |  |
Angiosperms | (Re)-discovery of vegetative | Established seed desiccation | Transcripts for proteins typical for drying |
 |    desiccation tolerance |    tolerance |    seeds induced in vegetative tissues |
Monocots | Slow desiccation required | Â | Transcripts of unknown function homologous |
   Poaceae | Focus on protection of |  |    to constitutively expressed moss genes |
   Liliaceae |    existing structures |  |    are induced |
Dicots | Photosynthetic-apparatus either maintained | Â | LEA proteins, sugars and oligosaccharides, |
   Hamamelidaceae |    or reduced during desiccation |  | Dehydrins and rehydrins in complex gene families |
   Labiatae |  |  | Tolerance inducible, ABA influence, sugars may be |
   Gesneriaceae |  |  |    present or inducible |
   Scrophulariaceae |  |  | Transcription factors, vesicular traffic |